Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

Map key

Indicative range from habitat rules — not sightings

Iconic wildlifetap a species ↗

Porcupine caribou

Polar bear

Muskox

Dall sheep

Brown bear

Gray wolf

Wolverine

Arctic fox

Lesser snow goose

Roads (regional context)

Kaktovik (village)

Altitude bands · sea level to 2,736 m

Alpine summit, Brooks Range crest>1,800

Mountain slopes800–1,800

Foothills, north & south slope200–800

Coastal plain0–200

Beaufort coast & tidal flat<0

Bands are altitude, not vegetation. The same green covers foothills on both flanks of the range — tundra to the north, boreal forest to the south — because they sit at the same elevation. Names are landforms, not ecological communities.

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

One continuous transect from the Beaufort Sea to the Brooks Range crest to boreal forest, inside a single 78,051 km² boundary. At this latitude the shape reads deceptively small on a flat map; it is roughly the size of South Carolina.

Area

78,051 km² gazetted, ANILCA 1980

Boundary

length as digitised

Compactness

pp Polsby–Popper

Established

1960 / 1980

Elevation

sea level – 2,736 m

Communities

1 Kaktovik, ~267 people

Established 1960 as the Arctic National Wildlife Range (Public Land Order 2214); expanded and renamed the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge by ANILCA in 1980

Mount Isto (2,736 m / 8,976 ft) was confirmed the Brooks Range's highest point only in 2014, by improved satellite measurement

The Porcupine caribou herd — 143,000 animals, 2025 photocensus (PCMB/ADF&G) — calves on the refuge's coastal plain after one of the longest land migrations on Earth

The Southern Beaufort Sea polar bear subpopulation — about 819 bears, 2025 USFWS draft Stock Assessment Report — dens on the coastal plain's river banks and coastal bluffs

Why this refuge matters

The 1002 Area. ANILCA withdrew 1.56 million acres of coastal plain from Wilderness designation as "the 1002 Area," pending study of its oil and gas potential — neither Wilderness nor open to leasing outright. Decades of USGS and USFWS field research place the concentrated calving ground of the Porcupine caribou herd here, specifically on this coastal plain rather than the wider surrounding tundra (Griffith et al. 2002).

Denning ground for a shared subpopulation. The Southern Beaufort Sea polar bear subpopulation is shared with Canada and is not confined to the refuge, but land-denning females select the coastal plain's linear coastal and riverine features disproportionately — 29 of 91 known Alaska land dens counted 1981–2005 were on this ground (Amstrup & Gardner 1994).

A live leasing history. Congress's 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act mandated an oil and gas leasing program in the 1002 Area. A 2021 lease sale, a 2023 cancellation, a 2025 sale that drew no bids, and an October 2025 reinstatement of the program have followed, with a lease sale under the current program scheduled for June 2026. The Gwich'in Nation, whose subsistence and cultural life is tied to the Porcupine caribou herd, has publicly opposed development on the calving grounds — their documented position, stated here without taking a side.

Ocean to mountains to boreal forest. Few protected areas anywhere hold one continuous transect from Arctic Ocean coast, across tundra and a full mountain range, to boreal forest — inside a single boundary, with no intervening unprotected land.

Boundary drawn from OpenStreetMap relation 8537673 (protect_class=4, operator USFWS). Area stated from USFWS/ANILCA's gazetted 19,286,722 acres (78,050.59 km²) — Protected Planet's WDPA ID 2904 reports a larger 80,324.64 km² (+2.9%), the opposite direction from a typical OSM-over-gazetted gap, and is disclosed here rather than reconciled. Perimeter and compactness are computed from the digitised OSM ring, at whatever generalisation it carries, and are therefore scale-dependent. Establishment: Public Land Order 2214 (1960); Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (1980); Congressional Research Service RL33872. 1002 Area leasing history: Federal Register / Bureau of Land Management notices, 2021–2026. Species figures: Porcupine Caribou Management Board / Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game (caribou); USFWS draft revised Stock Assessment Report (polar bear).

Imagery: contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2022-2025) · Elevation: AWS Terrain Tiles & USGS 3DEP · Boundaries & water: OpenStreetMap (ODbL) · Independent Landseed visualization — not affiliated with or endorsed by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service